Transportation

By Air

Daily service to Moscow can be found fom all major European capitals, New York, as well as Hong Kong and other Asian cities.

St. Petersburg can be reached via daily flights from many European capitals.

Among the airlines with regular flights are Aeroflot, Air China, Air France, Air India, Alaska Airlines, Alitalia, ANA, Balkan, British Airways, CSA, Delta, Finnair, JAL, KLM, Korean Air, Lufthansa, LOT Polish, Malev, PIA, Sabena, SAS, Swissair, THY and Transaero. There are also charter service available from most major cities in Europe and North America

Siberian cities can be reached by air from Moscow or by less frequent flights from Frankfurt, (Germany) Niigata, or Osaka (Japan), Shenyang and Shanghai (China), Pyongyang (North Korea), and Manila, Seoul, or Singapore.

By Rail

Major gateways to European Russia are Helsinki, Warsaw, Prague and Budapest.

Other trains run from Amsterdam, Athens, Berlin, Brussels, Bucharest, Frankfort, Paris, Riga, Talinn, Helsinki, Venice, Vilnius, and Warsaw to Moscow, or from Berlin and Brussels to St. Petersburg.

To Siberia, be sure to experience the Trans-Siberian Railway which runs in either direction between European and Asian Russia.

By Bus

Bus service can be found from Talinn Estonia, Helsinki Finland, and from Kirkenes Norway way above the Arctic Circle to Murmansk.

Trans-Siberian Railway

For those who travel for the pleasure of the journey, those who believe that getting there is as much fun as being there, Russia's Trans-Siberian Railway has long been an almost mythic experience. It is the longest continuous rail line on earth, each run clattering along in an epic journey of almost six thousand miles (or about ten thousand kilometers) over one third of the globe. For most of its history, the Trans-Siberian journey has been an experience of almost continuous movement, seven days or more of unabated train travel through the vast expanse of Russia. A great part of the pleasure of such a trip is simply sitting back and watching the land go by. However, most travelers on the Trans-Siberian find that interaction with other passengers, both Russians and tourists, is what makes the trip an unforgettable experience. Today, with far fewer travel restrictions, it is possible to use the rail journey as the core of a more varied tour. Travelers can enjoy stopovers in many of the Russian cities and towns along the route, from the historic Volga port of Yaroslavl to Irkutsk and the scenic Lake Baikal region.

Routes and Western Extensions

Travel along the Trans-Siberian Railway is usually undertaken from west to east, though it is quite possible to go in the opposite direction. Moreover, a number of choices of route are available, as are extensions of the journey on either end.

The usual route taken by travellers is the Trans-Siberian line, which runs from Moscow to Vladivostok, passing through Yaroslavl on the Volga, Exaterinburg in the Urals, Irkutsk near Lake Baikal's southern extremity, and then Khabarovsk. From Vladivostok it is possible to continue by ferry to Niigata on the west coast of Japan.

A second primary route is the Trans-Manchurian line, which coincides with the Trans-Siberian as far as Tarskaya, a few hundred miles east of Baikal. From Tarskaya the Trans-Manchurian heads southeast into China and makes its way down to Beijing.

The third primary route is the Trans-Mongolian line, which coincides with the Trans-Siberian as far as the Buddhist enclave of Ulan Ude on Baikal's eastern shore. From Ulan-Ude the Trans- Mongolian heads south to Ulaan-Baatar before making its way southeast to Beijing.

In 1984, a fourth route running further to the north was finally completed, after more than five decades of sporadic work. Known as the Baikal Amur Mainline, this recent extension departs from the Trans-Siberian line several hundred miles west of Lake Baikal and passes the lake at its northernmost extremity. It reaches the Pacific to the northeast of Khabarovsk, at Imperatorskaya Gavan. While this route provides access to Baikal's stunning northern coast, it also passes through some pretty forbidding terrain.

To the west, connections are available through Moscow to Berlin (and from there to Paris), to Budapest, and to St. Petersburg (and from there to Helsinki).

History of the Railway

Russia's longstanding desire for a Pacific port was realized with the foundation of Vladivostok in 1860. By 1880, Vladivostok had grown into a major port city, and the lack of adequate transportation links between European Russia and its Far Eastern provinces soon became an obvious problem. In 1891, Czar Alexander III drew up plans for the Trans-Siberian Railway and initiated its construction. Upon his death three years later, the work was continued by his son Nicholas. Despite the enormity of the project, a continuous route was completed in 1905, having been rushed to completion by the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War the year before. The present route of the line, including both the difficult stretch around Baikal and a northerly replacement for the dangerously situated Manchurian line, was opened in 1916.